SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Air handler</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Air handler</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p>An <b>air handler</b>, or <b>air handling unit</b> (often abbreviated to <b>AHU</b>), is a device used to regulate and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (<a href="HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a>) system.<sup id="cite_ref-ASHRAE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a <a href="Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">blower</a>, furnace or A/C elements, <a href="Air_filter" title="Air filter">filter</a> racks or chambers, <a href="Sound_attenuator" title="Sound attenuator">sound attenuators</a>, and <a href="Damper_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Damper (architecture)">dampers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air handlers usually connect to a <a href="Duct_(HVAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct (HVAC)">ductwork</a> <a href="Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation system</a> that distributes the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the AHU, sometimes exhausting air to the atmosphere and bringing in fresh air.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes AHUs discharge (<i>supply</i>) and admit (<i>return</i>) air directly to and from the space served without ductwork<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Small air handlers, for local use, are called <b>terminal units</b>, and may only include an air filter, coil, and blower; these simple terminal units are called <a href="Blower_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Blower coil">blower coils</a> or <a href="Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">fan coil units</a>. A larger air handler that conditions 100% outside air, and no recirculated air, is known as a <b>makeup air unit</b> (<b>MAU</b>) or <b>fresh air handling unit</b> (<b>FAHU</b>). An air handler designed for outdoor use, typically on roofs, is known as a <b>packaged unit</b> (<b>PU</b>), <b>heating and air conditioning unit</b> (<b>HCU</b>), or <b>rooftop unit</b> (<b>RTU</b>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div>

<p>The air handler is normally constructed around a framing system with metal infill panels as required to suit the configuration of the components. In its simplest form the frame may be made from metal channels or sections, with single skin metal infill panels. The metalwork is normally <a href="Galvanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized">galvanized</a> for long term protection. For outdoor units some form of weatherproof lid and additional sealing around joints is provided.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Larger air handlers will be manufactured from a square section steel framing system with double skinned and <a href="Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulated</a> infill panels. Such constructions reduce heat loss or heat gain from the air handler, as well as providing <a href="Acoustic_attenuation" title="Acoustic attenuation">acoustic attenuation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger air handlers may be several meters long and are manufactured in a <i>sectional</i> manner and therefore, for strength and rigidity, steel section base rails are provided under the unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Where supply and extract air is required in equal proportions for a balanced ventilation system, it is common for the supply and extract air handlers to be joined together, either in a <i>side-by-side</i> or a <i>stacked</i> configuration.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_handling_units_types">Air handling units types</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>There are six factors for air handlers classifications and determine types of them, based on:

</p>

<ol><li>Application (air handling unit usage)</li>

<li>Air flow control (CAV or VAV air handlers)</li>

<li>Zone control (single zone or multi zone air handlers)</li>

<li>Fan location (draw-through or blow-through)</li>

<li>Direction of outlet air flow (front, up, or down)</li>

<li>Package model (horizontal or vertical)</li></ol>

<p>But, the first method is very usual in <a href="Heating%2C_ventilation%2C_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a> market. In fact, most of the company advertise their products by air handling unit applications:

</p>

<ol><li>Normal</li>

<li>Hygienic</li>

<li>Ceiling mounted</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

<p>The major types of components are described here in approximate order, from the return duct (input to the AHU), through the unit, to the supply duct (AHU output).<sup id="cite_ref-ASHRAE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carrier_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filters">Filters</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></div>

<p>Air filtration is almost always present in order to provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants. It may be via simple <a href="Minimum_Efficiency_Reporting_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value">low-MERV</a> pleated media, <a href="HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a>, <a href="Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">electrostatic</a>, or a combination of techniques. Gas-phase and ultraviolet air treatments may be employed as well.

</p><p>Filtration is typically placed first in the AHU in order to keep all the downstream components clean. Depending upon the grade of filtration required, typically filters will be arranged in two (or more) successive banks with a coarse-grade panel filter provided in front of a fine-grade bag filter, or other "final" filtration medium. The panel filter is cheaper to replace and maintain, and thus protects the more expensive bag filters.<sup id="cite_ref-ASHRAE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The life of a filter may be assessed by monitoring the pressure drop through the filter medium at design air volume flow rate. This may be done by means of a visual display using a pressure gauge, or by a pressure switch linked to an alarm point on the building control system. Failure to replace a filter may eventually lead to its collapse, as the forces exerted upon it by the fan overcome its inherent strength, resulting in collapse and thus contamination of the air handler and downstream ductwork.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot_(heat_A.K.A_furnace)_and_cold_(air_conditioning)_elements">Hot (heat A.K.A furnace) and cold (air conditioning) elements</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Heat_exchanger#HVAC_air_coils" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger § HVAC air coils</a></div>

<p>Air handlers may need to provide hot air, cold air, or both to change the supply air temperature, and humidity level depending on the location and the application. Such conditioning is provided by heat exchanger coils within the air handling unit air stream, such coils may be <i>direct</i> or <i>indirect</i> in relation to the medium providing the heating or cooling effect.<sup id="cite_ref-ASHRAE_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carrier_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Direct heat exchangers include those for gas-fired fuel-burning heaters or a <a href="Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> <a href="Evaporator" title="Evaporator">evaporator</a>, placed directly in the air stream. <a href="Heating_element" title="Heating element">Electric resistance</a> heaters and <a href="Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a> can be used as well. <a href="Evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative cooling">Evaporative cooling</a> is possible in dry climates.

</p><p>Indirect <a href="Heat_exchanger#HVAC_and_refrigeration_air_coils" title="Heat exchanger">coils</a> use hot <a href="Water" title="Water">water</a> or <a href="Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> for heating, and chilled water or glycol for cooling (prime energy for heating and air conditioning is provided by central plant elsewhere in the building). Coils are typically manufactured from copper for the tubes, with copper or aluminum fins to aid heat transfer. Cooling coils will also employ eliminator plates to remove and drain condensate. The hot water or steam is provided by a central <a href="Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a>, and the chilled water is provided by a central <a href="Chiller" title="Chiller">chiller</a>. Downstream temperature sensors are typically used to monitor and control "off coil" temperatures, in conjunction with an appropriate motorized control valve prior to the coil.

</p><p>If <a href="Dehumidification" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehumidification">dehumidification</a> is required, then the cooling coil is employed to <i>over-cool</i> so that the <a href="Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> is reached and condensation occurs. A heater coil placed after the cooling coil re-heats the air (therefore known as a <i>re-heat coil</i>) to the desired supply temperature. This process has the effect of reducing the <a href="Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> level of the supply air.

</p><p>In colder climates, where winter temperatures regularly drop below freezing, then <i>frost coils</i> or <i>pre-heat</i> coils are often employed as a first stage of air treatment to ensure that downstream filters or chilled water coils are protected against freezing. The control of the frost coil is such that if a certain off-coil air temperature is not reached then the entire air handler is shut down for protection.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humidifier">Humidifier</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></div>

<p>Humidification is often necessary in colder climates where continuous heating will make the air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air quality and increased <a href="Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">static electricity</a>. Various types of humidification may be used:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Humidifier#Evaporative_humidifiers" title="Humidifier">Evaporative</a>: dry air blown over a reservoir will evaporate some of the water. The rate of evaporation can be increased by spraying the water onto baffles in the air stream.</li>

<li><a href="Humidifier#Vaporizers" title="Humidifier">Vaporizer</a>: steam or vapor from a boiler is blown directly into the air stream.</li>

<li><a href="Humidifier#Spray_mist" title="Humidifier">Spray mist</a>: water is diffused either by a nozzle or other mechanical means into fine droplets and carried by the air.</li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_humidifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic humidifier">Ultrasonic</a>: A tray of fresh water in the airstream is excited by an ultrasonic device forming a fog or water mist.</li>

<li>Wetted medium: A fine fibrous medium in the airstream is kept moist with fresh water from a header pipe with a series of small outlets. As the air passes through the medium it entrains the water in fine droplets. This type of humidifier can quickly clog if the primary air filtration is not maintained in good order.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixing_chamber">Mixing chamber</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></div>

<p>In order to maintain <a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a>, air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building. In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with warmer return air can be used to approach the desired supply air temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has <a href="Damper_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Damper (architecture)">dampers</a> controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blower/fan">Blower/fan</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Mechanical_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical fan">Mechanical fan</a> and <a href="Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></div>

<p>Air handlers typically employ a large <a href="Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">squirrel cage blower</a> driven by an AC induction <a href="Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> to move the air. The blower may operate at a single speed, offer a variety of set speeds, or be driven by a <a href="Variable-frequency_drive" title="Variable-frequency drive">variable-frequency drive</a> to allow a wide range of <a href="Airflow" title="Airflow">air flow</a> rates. Flow rate may also be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet dampers on the fan. Some residential air handlers in USA (central "furnaces" or "air conditioners") use a <a href="Brushless_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushless DC electric motor">brushless DC electric motor</a> that has variable speed capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-ASHRAE_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air handlers in Europe and Australia and New Zealand now commonly use backward curve fans without scroll or "plug fans". These are driven using high efficiency EC (electronically commutated) motors with built in speed control. The higher the RTU temperature, the slower the air will flow. And the lower the RTU temperature, the faster the air will flow.

</p><p>Multiple blowers may be present in large commercial air handling units, typically placed at the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork (therefore also called "supply fans"). They are often augmented by fans in the return air duct ("return fans") pushing the air into the AHU.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balancing">Balancing</h3></div>

<p>Un-balanced fans wobble and vibrate. For home AC fans, this can be a major problem: air circulation is greatly reduced at the vents (as wobble is lost energy), efficiency is compromised, and noise is increased. Another major problem in fans that are not balanced is longevity of the bearings (attached to the fan and shaft) is compromised. This can cause failure to occur long before the bearings life expectancy.

</p><p>Weights can be strategically placed to correct for a smooth spin (for a ceiling fan, trial and error placement typically resolves the problem). Home/central AC fans or other big fans are typically taken to shops, which have special balancers for more complicated balancing (trial and error can cause damage before the correct points are found). The fan motor itself does not typically vibrate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_recovery_device">Heat recovery device</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></div>

<p>A heat recovery device <a href="Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> may be fitted to the air handler between supply and extract airstreams for energy savings and increasing capacity. These types more commonly include for:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a>, or Plate Heat exchanger: A sandwich of plastic or metal plates with interlaced air paths. Heat is transferred between airstreams from one side of the plate to the other. The plates are typically spaced at 4 to 6mm apart. Heat recovery efficiency up to 70%.</li>

<li><a href="Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a>, or Rotary heat exchanger: A slowly rotating matrix of finely corrugated metal, operating in both opposing airstreams. When the air handling unit is in heating mode, heat is absorbed as air passes through the matrix in the exhaust airstream, during one half rotation, and released during the second half rotation into the supply airstream in a continuous process. When the air handling unit is in cooling mode, heat is released as air passes through the matrix in the exhaust airstream, during one half rotation, and absorbed during the second half rotation into the supply airstream. Heat recovery efficiency up to 85%. Wheels are also available with a <a href="Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic coating</a> to provide latent heat transfer and also the drying or humidification of airstreams.</li>

<li><a href="Run_around_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Run around coil">Run around coil</a>: Two air to liquid heat exchanger coils, in opposing airstreams, piped together with a circulating pump and using water or a brine as the heat transfer medium. This device, although not very efficient, allows heat recovery between remote and sometimes multiple supply and exhaust airstreams. Heat recovery efficiency up to 50%.</li>

<li><a href="Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a>: Operating in both opposing air paths, using a confined <a href="Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerant</a> as a heat transfer medium. The heat pipe uses multiple sealed pipes mounted in a coil configuration with fins to increase heat transfer. Heat is absorbed on one side of the pipe, by evaporation of the refrigerant, and released at the other side, by condensation of the refrigerant. Condensed refrigerant flows by gravity to the first side of the pipe to repeat the process. Heat recovery efficiency up to 65%.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controls">Controls</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></div>

<p><a href="HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">Controls</a> are necessary to regulate every aspect of an air handler, such as: <a href="Airflow" title="Airflow">flow rate of air</a>, supply air temperature, mixed air temperature, humidity, air quality. They may be as simple as an off/on <a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostat</a> or as complex as a <a href="Building_automation" title="Building automation">building automation</a> system using <a href="BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a> or <a href="LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a>, for example.

</p><p>Common control components include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, sail switches, <a href="Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a>, motors, and controllers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vibration_isolators">Vibration isolators</h3></div>

<p>The blowers in an air handler can create substantial vibration and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the occupants of the building. To avoid this, vibration isolators (flexible sections) are normally inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air handler and often also between the fan compartment and the rest of the AHU. The rubberized canvas-like material of these sections allows the air handler components to vibrate without transmitting this motion to the attached ducts.

</p><p>The fan compartment can be further isolated by placing it on spring suspension, neoprene pads, or hung on spring hangers, which will mitigate the transfer of vibration through the structure.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_attenuators">Sound attenuators</h3></div>

<p>The blower in the air handler also generates noise, which should be attenuated before ductwork enters a noise-sensitive room. To achieve meaningful noise reduction in a relatively short length, a <a href="Sound_attenuator" title="Sound attenuator">sound attenuator</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-ASHRAE_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASHRAE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attenuator is a specialty duct accessory that typically consists of an inner perforated baffle with sound-absorptive insulation. Sound attenuators may take the place of ductwork; conversely, inline attenuators are located close to the blower and have a bellmouth profile to minimize system effects.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_manufacturers">Major manufacturers</h2></div>

<li><a href="Carrier_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier Corporation">Carrier Corporation</a> (also makes Bryant and Payne brands)</li>

<li><a href="CIAT_Group" title="CIAT Group">CIAT Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Daikin_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Daikin Industries">Daikin Industries</a> (also makes <a href="McQuay_International" class="mw-redirect" title="McQuay International">McQuay International</a>, <a href="Goodman_Global" title="Goodman Global">Goodman</a>, and Airfel brands)</li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Controls" title="Johnson Controls">Johnson Controls</a> (also makes <a href="York_International" class="mw-redirect" title="York International">York International</a> brand)</li>

<li><a href="Lennox_International" title="Lennox International">Lennox International</a></li>

<li><a href="Rheem_Manufacturing_Company" title="Rheem Manufacturing Company">Rheem</a> (also makes Ruud)</li>

<li><a href="Trane" title="Trane">Trane</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertiv" title="Vertiv">Vertiv</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>2008 ASHRAE handbook : heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems and equipment</i> (Inch-Pound ed.). Atlanta, Ga.: ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2008. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781933742335</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Carrier-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrier_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Carrier Design Manual part 2: Air Distribution</i> (1974 tenth ed.). Carrier Corporation. 1960.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theengineeringmindset.com/air-handling-units-explained/">"Air Handling Units Explained"</a>. <i>The Engineering Mindset</i>. 26 September 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHVAC" class="citation web cs1">HVAC, experts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tahviehnegar.com/air-handling-unit/">"how air handling unit work?"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Heating%2C_ventilation%2C_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br>concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a> (ACH)</li>

<li><a href="Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li>

<li><a href="Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li>

<li><a href="Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li>

<li><a href="Particulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li>

<li><a href="Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li>

<li><a href="Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li>

<li><a href="Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li>

<li><a href="Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li>

<li><a href="Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li>

<li><a href="Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li>

<li><a href="Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li>

<li><a href="Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li>

<li><a href="Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li>

<li><a href="Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li>

<li><a href="Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li>

<li><a href="High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li>

<li><a href="High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li>

<li><a href="Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li>

<li><a href="Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li>

<li><a href="TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li>

<li><a href="Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li>

<li><a href="Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br>and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li>

<li><a href="BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li>

<li><a href="Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li>

<li><a href="HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li>

<li><a href="LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li>

<li><a href="Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li>

<li><a href="OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li>

<li><a href="Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br>trades,<br>and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li>

<li><a href="Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical%2C_electrical%2C_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mold_growth%2C_assessment%2C_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Testing%2C_adjusting%2C_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br>organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li>

<li><a href="ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li>

<li><a href="BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors'_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li>

<li><a href="Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li>

<li><a href="Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li>

<li>Template:Fire protection</li>

<li>Template:Home automation</li>

<li>Template:Solar energy</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2479079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2479079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4213931-4">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/ce6cdbb8-85de-4548-9031-1c3201233339">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-10" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Air_handler&oldid=1279795606">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>